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Solaris History

News	See also	Timeline	Recommended Links	Recommended Books	Os history
Solaris and Linux	Solaris	Solaris Versions History	Sun Hardware Timeline	Humor	Etc

Sun's logo with interleaved copies of the word sun, was designed by Stanford University professor Vaughan Pratt. The initial version of the logo with sides oriented horizontally/vertically was later changed to the box appearing to stand on one corner.

Sun Microsystems - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sun originally used the Motorola 68000 CPU family for the Sun-1 through Sun-3 computer series. The Sun-1 employed a 68000 CPU, the Sun-2 series, a 68010. The Sun-3 series was based on the 68020, with the later Sun-3x variant using the 68030.

Starting with the Sun-4 line, the company used its own processor architecture, SPARC, a 32-bit RISC architecture which was later to become the IEEE 1754 standard for microprocessors. A 64-bit extension of the SPARC architecture (SPARC V9) was later introduced.

Sun has implemented multiple high-end generations of the SPARC architecture, including SPARC, SuperSPARC, UltraSPARC-I, UltraSPARC-II, UltraSPARC-III, and currently UltraSPARC-IV. Sun has developed several generations of workstations and servers, including the SPARCstation series, Sun Ultra series the Ultra Enterprise (later, simply "Enterprise") servers, the Sun Blade workstations and the Sun Fire servers. Sun also has a second line of lower cost processors meant for low-end systems which included the MicroSPARC-I, MicroSPARC-II, UltraSPARC-IIe, UltraSPARC-IIi, and UltraSPARC-IIIi.

Sun has had a difficult time keeping up with its competitors' processors' clock speed and computing power, but its customer base has been fairly loyal due to the popularity, and legendary stability, of its SunOS (and later Solaris) versions of Unix.

For the first decade of Sun's history, the company was predominantly a vendor of technical workstations, competing successfully as a low-cost vendor during the Workstation Wars of the 1980s.
For a short period in the mid-1980s, 51% of Sun stock was held by AT&T as a partner in their computer business AT&T Computer Systems. UNIX System V Release 4 was jointly developed by AT&T and Sun, who named their version Solaris 2. The AT&T partnership later fell apart when the rival group OSF (Open Software Foundation) appeared. See UNIX wars.

For a short period in the late 1980s, they sold a hybrid Intel 80386-based machine, the Sun386i. An x86 port of Solaris for PC compatibles was introduced in 1993. Currently, Sun is again selling x86 and AMD64 hardware and has introduced a 64-bit version of Solaris for AMD64 systems.

In the mid-1990s, Sun acquired Diba and Cobalt Networks with the aim of building network appliances (single function computers meant for consumers). Sun also marketed a network computer (diskless workstation, as popularized by Oracle Corporation CEO Larry Ellison). None of these business initiatives were particularly successful.

In the late-1990s, as Sun's workstations were lagging in performance when compared to that of their competitors and especially to Wintel Personal Computers, the company successfully transformed itself to a vendor of large-scale Symmetric multiprocessing servers. This transition was enabled by technology that was acquired from Silicon Graphics and Cray Research. The Cray CS6400 server line was transformed into the very successful Sun Enterprise 10000 large-scale servers. Driven by the increased prominence of web-serving database-searching applications, blade servers (high density rack-mounted systems) were also emphasized.

The Sun 1 was shipped with Unisoft V7 UNIX. Later Bill Joy, the key figure of the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) and one of four founders of Sun produced a customized 4.1BSD UNIX called SunOS as an operating system for its workstations. Up through version 4.1.x (Solaris 1.x), SunOS remained a heavily BSD-influenced Unix implementation.

In the late '80s, Sun entered into a partnership with AT&T, which was then developing the other major Unix flavor, System V. The result was System V release 4 (SVR4), which incorporated BSD as well as SunOS extensions (e.g., NFS). Subsequently, with its version 5.x (Solaris 2.x) releases, SunOS shifted from its BSD origins to SVR4.

To confuse things Sun Solaris is sometimes called SunOS 5, while old version of SunOS up to 4 are referred as for Solaris 1). To further confuse the naming scheme, Sun now refers to Solaris by just its point release (e.g., Solaris 7, 8, or 9 instead of 2.7, 2.8, or 2.9).

For more information about SunOS and Solaris, including FAQs, white papers, upgrade, and purchasing information try Google.

History of Sun and Solaris from 1991 till 2001 is partially reflected in Sun under the Linux siege

You can also consult the following newsgroups:

comp.unix.solaris
alt.solaris.x86
Those in the comp.sys.sun.* hierarchy

Sun Hardware Timeline

Chronology of Workstation Computers

1982

February
May

1984

February 14

Scott McNealy is appointed president and chief operating officer of Sun Microsystems. [110.153] [218.D2]

April

Silicon Graphics begins shipping its first 3-D graphics workstations. [28]

June

Motorola introduces the 16 MHz 68020 processor, a 32-bit version of the 68000, in CMOS, with on-board cache. [1] [140] (1986 [20])

(month unknown)

MIPS Computer Systems is founded, and begins developing its RISC architecture. [29]

Sun Microsystems co-founder Vinod Khosla resigns. [110.153]

Silicon Graphics introduces its first workstation, IRIS 1400. [221.61]

Sun Hardware

Sun 1's
These are the large black desktop boxes with 17" monitors. Used the original Stanford-designed video board. Uses a parallel microswitch keyboard and parallel mouse.

1/100

Used design similar to original SUN (Stanford University Network) CPU, version 1.5 CPU could take larger RAMS. Pre-dates Sun's 4.2 port (ran Unisoft V7) (68010 CPU instead of SUN's 68000) 10Mhz.

1/100u

"Brain transplant" for 100 series. Replaces CPU and memory card with first-generation Sun2 CPU and memory boards so original customers could run SunOS V1. (Still has parallel kb/mouse intf so old kbds would work.)

1/170

Rack-mounted server. Slightly different chassis design than 2/170's

Sun 2's

2/120

Multibus-based 68010 10Mhz. First machines that had desk-side chassis Serial Microswitch keyboard, Mouse Systems Optical mouse. 8Mb memory max. Cards are CPU, 1 or 4 meg memory board, ethernet board, SCSI board, 640 * 480 color board, monochrome video board, SMD controller, tape controller, 16 port serial mux (ALM-1)
Two variants of video board, one generated TTL-level video, on ECL. Later video boards ("2prime") could generate either levels. Early 19" mono monitors (philips or moniterm) could be switched as well.

2/170

VME Sun2 style CPU 2 slot chassis. Optional SCSI board (model name is SCSI-2; 2'nd SCSI design.. first was for 2/1xx's) sat on mem expansion board in 2nd slot. CPU board had 1,2,or 4 megs mem, 10Mhz 68010 CPU, ethernet, two serial ports. Memory expansion boards are 1,2 or 4 megs as well. The (type-2) keyboard and mouse attached via an adapter that accepted 2 modular plugs and attached to the DB15 port.

2/160

First machine to use 12 slot desk-side VME chassis. Many have CPU upgrades to 3/160's. Had 4 fan cooling tray instead of 6 in later machines, thus cooling problems with lots of cards. Also only had 4 P2 memory connectors bussed instead of 6.

SunOS 4.0.3 was the last release with Sun2 support.
2/1xx's with a monochrome display can only have 7megs max, since the frame buffer appears in the 8th meg

Sun 3's

3/160

First 68020 based Sun machine. Uses "Carrera" CPU, which is used in lots of other Sun3 variants. 4Mb on-board memory. Sun's mem expansion goes on 4 Meg memory expansion boards; third parties had up to 32 megs on one card. SCSI was optional. One variant of the memory card held the 6u VME SCSI board, other version sat in slot7 of the backplane and ran the SCSI out the back of the backplane to the internal disc/tape. CPU has 2 serial, ethernet, kbd ports.

I, Cringely . September 9, 1999 - Terminal Condition PBS Why Sun's Aggressive New Workstations Are Really Just a Blast From the PastBy Robert X. Cringely

Each week, I have to decide a topic for this column. The problem is not finding a topic, but choosing one from the many obvious candidates. A few times, I've tried to cover more than one topic, but there is a firm nerd contingent among my readers who think we have a contract allowing only a single topic per week. I am not here to argue, so they win. But this week I am torn, since there are obvious developments in the news as well as the 30th anniversary of the first Arpanet node coming to life. Or I could even try to explain why last Week, I thought former Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara's first name was "George." The answer to this last mystery is easy — dementia. As for the Arpanet birthday, having done three hours of Internet history for television and written several columns on the subject already, this time I'll just congratulate all concerned with those events back at UCLA: It has been quite a ride.

That first Arpanet Interface Message Processor (IMP) was built from a Honeywell computer used by the military. In the early 1980s, the Internet building block of choice came to be logic boards for Sun workstations. The first Cisco routers, for example, were built from Sun logic boards designed by Andy Bechtolscheim when he was a graduate student at Stanford. So too, the first Silicon Graphics workstations were Sun workstations with extra 3D capability added-in by Jim Clark. All of these companies were founded in the same building and all are still on the scene, but this week, I'd say Sun has been making the most news, though in a disturbingly regressive manner.

Last week, I wrote about Sun's acquisition of Star Office, and how this would put a virtually free office suite up against Microsoft for both PC- and server-based versions. Well, this week the other shoe dropped as Sun introduced its candidate workstation for the server-based version. It is a funny little box called the Sun Ray 1 Enterprise Appliance, into which you attach a keyboard, mouse and screen, then use an Ethernet connection to the world. The Sun Ray looks to be a successor to Sun's own unpopular JavaStation and the logical heir to the network computing crown. Or is it?

The Sun Ray is great from a configuration standpoint, since it requires no configuration at all. You couldn't configure it if you wanted to. If the box breaks, you replace it with another. Plug it into power and Ethernet, and it is ready to go. This is all marketing talk here, but reading it I came to have an unsettling feeling. Then it came to me. The Sun Ray, for all its high design and ease of use, is not a computer at all or even a computing device. It is a computer terminal. Sun's answer to Microsoft is to take corporate America back to a souped-up version of 1970's minicomputing.

The only application that runs in the Sun Ray is whatever paints the screen and accepts keyboard and mouse input. That's a computer terminal where I come from. Presumably, there is a TCP/IP stack and something like an X-Window server, though Sun does an excellent job of not telling us that. What's definitely NOT happening in the box is anything like Java, which Sun has finally figured out isn't up to the task. Instead, all the real computing is done back on a hefty Sun server and only screen rendering happens in the Sun Ray.

There is another outfit called Network Computing Devices that makes boxes like this, which it calls X-terminals. NCD was founded by Bill Carrico and Judy Estrin, a husband and wife team who also founded Bridge Communications (later part of 3Com) and Precept Software (later part of Cisco). Judy is now the Chief Technical Officer at Cisco, which fits perfectly into my theory that there are really only 25 people in the computer business. They just keep changing jobs. I remember visiting Bill and Judy late in their tenure at NCD, a time that wasn't particularly happy since X-terminals were being rapidly replaced with cheap PCs running X-server software. In the world of X, what we would normally call a "client" — that part of the application that runs on the workstation rather than on that big box in the computer room — is called a "server." Go figure.

The wonderful thing about an X-terminal is that it does an end-run around user ego. NCD boxes were all connected through Ethernet to a Sun server. How many X-terminals could a Sun server serve? Lots. Typically 25-50 terminals could be run by a single server that cost a lot more than a PC, but sure didn't cost 25-50 times as much. Still, that day I visited Bill and Judy, they saw the end coming. Why? Because PCs were cheaper than X-terminals and they could run local applications, too. With PCs even cheaper today, what has changed to make Bill and Judy wrong and Sun happy to enter this new business?

Well NCD, which is still very much in business, didn't sell servers, and Sun does, so that's an enormous difference. Sun makes its dough on this deal not from the Sun Rays or from Star Office, but from the big iron it sells to support both. And in the last few years, the world of corporate computing has come to fixate on Total Cost of Ownership (TCO), which includes everything from the cost of training users to replacing busted boxes. In the grand scheme of TCO, the original purchase price of a PC is almost insignificant, dwarfed by the human cost of setting-up and shifting and training, etc., all of which are minimized by the Sun Ray/Star Office combo. On a TCO basis, the Sun Ray is damned cheap, and with Sun offering leases at under $10 per month, it is a good deal for many businesses.

But don't expect to run your Sun Ray at home because its sparkling performance has more than anything to do with that 100 megabits-per-second Ethernet connection. Running over a 56K modem won't work at all. And don't even think of using a Sun Ray unless you want at least 25 of them, because it's only at those scales that the costs begin to come into line. What this means, then, is that the Sun Ray is far from a Microsoft killer. Rather, it is a Microsoft annoyance. But for Sun, it is still a very good business.

The nerds will say this is obvious and that I'm again wasting their time, but most of the people who read this column aren't nerds. They'll say, "Now I get it."

Solaris Timeline

1979 - Bill Joy introduces "Berkeley enhancements" as BSD 4.1.

1982 - The company was incorporated in 1982 and 1986. Founders include Vinod Khosla, Scott McNealy, Bill Joy and Andy Bechtolsheim. Of these men, only McNealy and Bechtolsheim remain with Sun.Sun Microsystems is founded by Vinod Khosla, Andy Bechtolsheim, and Scott McNealy with $4 million in venture capital with four emplyees.

1983 - Sun Microsystems introduces SunOS.

1984 - About 100,000 UNIX sites exist worldwide. Sun now has 400 employees and $39 million in annual sales.

1986 - Sun went public in 1986

1988 - AT&T and Sun start work on SVR4, a unified version of UNIX.

1988 - OSF and UI are formed.

1989 - AT&T releases System V, release 4.

1990 - OSF releases OSF/1.

1992 - Sun introduces Solaris, which is based on System V, release 4. SunOS, which is based on BSDF UNIX, will be phased out. Sun now has more than 12,500 employees and more than $3.5 billion in sales.

1993 - Novell buys UNIX from AT&T.

1994 - Solaris 2.4 is available.

1995

Santa Cruz Operation buys UNIXware from Novell. SCO and HP announce a relationship to develop a 64-bit version of UNIX. Solaris 2.5 is available -- the first stable version of Solaris 2
Bechtolsheim, 48, left Sun in 1995 to start Granite Systems, which built 1-gigabit-per-second networking technology and which Cisco acquired in 1996.

1997 - Solaris 2.6 is available. It soon became the most popular version of Solaris for the next three years

1998 - Solaris 7 is available. -- This was not very successful version. Few moved from 2.6 to 2.7

2000 - Solaris 8 is available. Became a huge success. Most move from 2.6 directly to Solaris 8

2003 September Bill Joy, Sun Microsystems chief scientist and co-founder, is leaving the company, moving on to "different challenges". No, he's not saying yet what those different challenges are. Greg Papadopoulos, CTO, will take over Joy's responsibilities. See09-09-03 - SUN MICROSYSTEMS ANNOUNCES CHIEF SCIENTIST BILL JOY TO LEAVE COMPANY

2004 February Nine years after leaving the server maker he co-founded in 1982, Andy Bechtolsheim is returning to Sun Microsystems.

Notes:

This is a Spartan WHYFF (We Help You For Free) site written by people for whom English is not a native language. Some amount of grammar and spelling errors should be expected.
The site contain some broken links as it develops like a living tree... Please try to use Google, Open directory, etc. to find a replacement link (see HOWTO search the WEB for details). We would appreciate if you can mail us a correct link.

Google Search
Open directory	Research Index

Old News ;-)

[Jul 3, 2007] Multiple Threads Phil Harman's Weblog A Brief History Of Solaris

A week ago I was presenting A Brief History Of Solaris at the Sun HPC Consortium in Dresden. My slideware is pretty minimalist (audiences generally don't respond well to extended lists of bullet points), but it should give you a flavour of my presentation style and content. For more, see Josh Simon's writeup.

My main point is that although Solaris is a good place to be because it has a consistent track record of innovation (e.g. ONC, mmap, dynamic linking, audaciously scalable SMP, threads, doors, 64-bit, containers, large memory support, zones, ZFS, DTrace, ...), the clincher is that these innovations meet in a robust package with long term compatability and support.

Linus may kid himself that ZFS is all Solaris has to offer, but the Linux community has been sincerely flattering Sun for years with its imitation and use of so many Solaris technologies. Yes, there is potential for this to work both ways, but until now the traffic has been mostly a one way street.

As a colleague recently pointed out it is worth considering questions like "what would Solaris be without the Linux interfaces it has adopted?" and "what would Linux be without the interfaces it has adopted from Sun?" (e.g. NFS, NIS, PAM, nsswitch.conf, ld.so.1, LD_*, /proc, doors, kernel slab allocator, ...). Wow, isn't sharing cool!

Solaris: often imitated, seldom bettered.

[Jul 3, 2007] The Navel of Narcissus

Phil Harman from Sun's Solaris group gave an informative and amusing talk at the HPC Consortium meeting in Dresden this week titled, "A Brief History of Solaris." I'm hoping the full talk will be posted on the Consortium site at some point.
Phil began his history of Solaris by reminding us of some of the "prehistoric" innovations in SunOS. For example, who but Sun was doing open network computing back in the 1980s with innovations like NFS, NIS, the automounter, XDR, and RPC? How about the STREAMS abstraction? mmap? ld.so?

He then moved to innovations done by Sun "within living memory." His list included loadable, configurable kernels; dynamic system domains; /proc; truss; the p-tools; and /etc/nsswitch.conf. Not to mention "audacious" SMP scalability, and a compatible 32/64 bit transition strategy that maintained binary investments through our transition to 64-bit computing. Oh yes, and there was that Java thing as well...

Innovations done "just yesterday" included Hierarchical Lgroup Support (HLS), Multiple Page Size Support (MPSS), containers, Service Management Facility (SMF), zones, BrandZ, ZFS, and DTrace.

He finished with some comments on ZFS, which he motivated with the graphic I've placed at the top of this blog post. It illustrates the problems of single-bit errors. In this case, a printer was fined by the King of England for what amounted to a life's wages for making this error in a 1631 edition of the King James bible (known as the Wicked Bible). "Got checksums?", asks Phil as he noted that ZFS protects the datapath all the way from the rotating rust (the disk) to memory.

Does the "I" in RAID mean "Inexpensive" or "Independent"? The former is correct, so why do some in our industry prefer the "independent" interpretation? Phil explained why during his talk and also in this blog entry.

[Dec 26, 2006] McNealy's cold feet and other tales of Sun Tech News on

Jan 12, 2006 (ZDNet) MOUNTAIN VIEW, Calif.--Sun Microsystems CEO Scott McNealy had to be wined and dined at a Silicon Valley McDonald's before he gave up his reluctance to help launch the workstation maker in 1982, according to one of many tales the company co-founders recounted on Wednesday.
McNealy joined Sun's other co-founders, Vinod Khosla, Andy Bechtolsheim and Bill Joy, at a panel discussion at the Computer History Museum here to reminisce about the server specialist's past and prognosticate about the future.

Khosla said the McDonald's meal took place just after he and McNealy met with venture capitalists and got Sun's first funding commitment. "We went out and sat in the parking lot. Scott said to me, 'I don't know if I really want to do it.' So I took him to an upscale dinner at McDonald's on Page Mill Road" in Palo Alto, Calif., he said, where he put the screws on McNealy to resign from his $40,000-a-year job at Onyx Systems.

"Vinod asked me, 'When are you quitting?'" McNealy recounted. When McNealy balked, Khosla countered, saying: "'You can't back out on me now. You're a founder.' "I said, 'Oh, OK.' It was that quick," McNealy said.

Khosla left Sun in 1986 to become a general partner at venture capitalist firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, and Joy followed suit in 2005. Bechtolsheim left Sun in 1995 to found gigabit Ethernet start-up Granite Systems, later acquired by Cisco Systems. But he rejoined the company in 2004, when Sun bought his next start-up, Kealia, to provide the foundation of its new "Galaxy" line of x86 servers.

The Apple connection
It's no secret that Sun once tried to acquire Apple Computer, but Joy noted that it wasn't the only near-union between the Silicon Valley companies. "We almost merged with Apple two other times," he said.

There were other alliances with Apple that fell through, Joy added: an attempt with Microsoft and the Mac maker to create a common file protocol; an attempt with Apple to create a merged user interface; and an attempt to persuade Apple, when it was moving away from Motorola's 680x0 processor family, to switch to Sun's Sparc processors rather than the PowerPC chips it ultimately chose (and began abandoning this week with Intel-based Macs).

"We got very close to having Apple use Sparc. That almost happened," Joy said.

In total, "there were six very, very close encounters" with Apple, he noted. That none of them worked out was a "personal disappointment" said Joy, who spent years as Sun's chief technology officer.

McNealy added that he went to Steve Jobs' house to try to hammer out the user interface agreement. The Apple co-founder and CEO was "sitting under a tree, reading 'How to Make a Nuclear Bomb,'" with bare feet and wearing jeans with holes torn in the knees, McNealy said. The interface work, though, "never went anywhere," he said.

Khosla also lavished praise on Jobs, who he said was a role model, along with Oracle CEO Larry Ellison and Intel's former CEO Andy Grove. Jobs is the kind of person "who passionately, religiously believes his own ideas. No matter what anybody else says, he's going to push them through," and that determination and self-confidence is in large part why he succeeds in doing so, Khosla said.

McNealy has praised Jobs on occasion, but he acknowledged on Wednesday that he doesn't have time to listen to his own iPod and forecasted doom for the popular digital music player. The right place to store music is on the network, where it can be accessed by many devices, he said, much like the right place to store voice mail is on a central server.

"Your iPod is like your home answering machine. It's a temporary thing," McNealy said. "It's going to be hard to sell a lot of iPods five years from now, when every cell phone is going to be able to automatically access your library wherever you are."

[Jun 14, 2005] Yuzo Watanabe A Brief History of Network Driver Development in Solaris

[Feb 11, 2004] InformationWeek Sun Microsystems Acquisition Brings Back Sun Microsystems Founder

Andy Bechtolsheim, who left Sun in 1995 to pursue other business opportunities, currently leads Kealia Inc., which develops advanced server technologies. Sun's acquisition of Kealia is expected to close later this year, the companies said Tuesday. Sun spokeswoman May Petry declined to disclose terms of the deal.

Version History Reference

SunOS & Solaris Version History

SunOS version	Solaris version	Release date	Supported platforms
4.0.2	none	Sep. 89	386i
4.0.3	none	May 89	sun2, sun3/3x, sun4
4.0.3c	none	June 89	Sparc 1
4.0.3 PSR_A	none	July 89	Sun 4/470, 4/490
4.1	none	Mar. 90	sun3, sun4
4.1e	none	Apr. 91	sun4e
4.1.1	none	Mar. 90	sun3/3x, sun4
4.1.1B	1.0	Feb. 91	sun4
4.1.1.1	1.0	Jul. 91	sun3/3x
4.1.1_U1	1.0	Nov. 91	sun3/3x
4.1.2	1.0.1	Dec. 91	sun4, sun4m
4.1.3	1.1A	Aug. 92	sun4, sun4c, sun4m
4.1.3C	1.1c	Nov. 93	Sparc LX/Classic
4.1.3_U1	1.1.1	Dec. 93	sun4, sun4c, sun4m
4.1.3_U1B	1.1.1B	Feb. 94	sun4, sun4c, sun4m
4.1.4	1.1.2	Nov. 94	sun4, sun4c, sun4m
5.0	2.0	Jul. 92	sun4c
5.1	2.1	Dec. 92	sun4, sun4c, sun4m, x86
5.2	2.2	May 93	sun4, sun4c, sun4m, sun4d
5.3	2.3	Nov. 93	sun4, sun4c, sun4m, sun4d
5.4	2.4	Aug. 94	sun4, sun4c, sun4m, sun4d, x86
5.5	2.5	Nov. 95	sun4c, sun4m, sun4d, sun4u, x86
5.5.1	2.5.1	May 96	sun4c, sun4m, sun4d, sun4u, x86, ppc
5.6	2.6	Aug. 97	sun4c, sun4m, sun4d, sun4u, x86
5.7	7	Oct. 98	sun4c, sun4m, sun4d, sun4u, x86
5.8	8	2000	sun4m, sun4d, sun4u, x86

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Last modified: June 05, 2008