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[Nov 14, 22007] Solaris 10 Security Best Practices Glenn Brunette's Security Weblog

I would prefer that Glenn rewrote JASS in Perl but this looks like better then nothing if you take recommendations with the grain of salt.

Friday Nov 02, 2007

It is with great pleasure that I can (albeit belatedly) announce the arrival of the latest security guidance from both Sun and the Center for Internet Security. Working together, in concert with representatives from academia, industry and government, we have published security guidance for Solaris 10 11/06 and 8/07. This content represents the best and most complete form of Solaris security guidance ever produced.

Not only are the recommendations based upon industry consensus but they are also supported by Sun. What is even better is that this material was completed with support and feedback from both the National Security Agency and the Defence Information Systems Agency. I would like to especially thank both organizations for their significant contributions to this material! This iteration brings us (Sun, CIS, NSA and DISA) closer than even toward a single, consistent set of security recommendations for the Solaris OS.

The Benchmark itself has been restructured. Today, it comes in the form of two documents: (1) the core hardening Benchmark itself and (2) an extended appendix covering additional Solaris security controls with examples and references for more information. Further, the Benchmark itself has been significantly reorganized to improve its correctness and flow. Thanks to Carole, our editor!

Some new elements to the Benchmark include headers for each item that tell you if a given recommendation is a Solaris 10 default value, for what platforms it applies and even what configuration settings you need to implement the recommendation using the Solaris Security Toolkit. Overall the document is a tremendous step forward toward bringing the world the best available insight into how to harden and more generally secure their Solaris systems. There have also been quite a few updates to account for changes and enhancements in Solaris. The Solaris Security Appendix document is completely new and provides an overview of the security capabilities of the Solaris OS with many examples and references for more information including step-by-step BluePrints and HOWTOS. If you are responsible for managing or securing a Solaris 10 system, these documents are for you!

You can find a copy of these documents at both the CIS web site as well as on OpenSolaris.org (CIS Solaris Benchmark, Solaris Security Appendix). As always, feedback and ideas for future revisions are encouraged! If you are interested in participating in future versions of these documents, please consider joining the CIS Unix Benchmark Team. Contact Dave for more information!

[Jul 16, 2007] Sys Admin The Best Guides for Managing Information Security by Kerry Thompson

There are many resources available on the Internet to help with managing IT security -- far too many for the newcomer to be able to sort out the valuable ones from the useless ones. In this article, I'll present a number of very useful documents designed to help in managing enterprise security in a practical manner. I will review some of the most common documents that I've used to help IT organizations evaluate their security and provide them with assistance on what to do to maintain security. Rather than referring to the many, many books available or to voluminous and boring standards documents, I'll present freely available and easily understood documents that can be easily adapted and applied to most IT organizations.

Why do systems administrators need to use guides, practices, and checklists? The answer is simple -- admins can't possibly be experts in all areas of IT security that must be managed by modern enterprises. Even a small company with one or two servers, an Internet connection, and 20 or so workstations poses a lot of work to fully evaluate how secure it is. So, we need guides, written practices, and checklists to provide us with guidance on how to maintain security and to make sure that we cover all the details.

Specifically in this article, I'll review the Open Source Security Testing Methodology Manual (OSSTMM), a number of NIST Special Publications, some of the DISA guides and checklists, the Standard of Good Practice (SoGP), and the ISO17799 standard. These are all freely available (except for ISO17799) and will greatly ease the task of evaluating and maintaining enterprise security.

The Open Source Security Testing Methodology Manual (OSSTMM)

The Open Source Security Testing Methodology Manual is a guide for evaluating how secure systems are. It contains detailed instructions on how to test systems in a methodological way, and how to evaluate and report on the results.

The OSSTMM consists of six sections:

It also includes a number of templates intended for use during the testing process to capture the information gathered.

The OSSTMM is a great resource for systems administrators who want to evaluate the security of a wide range of systems in an ordered and detailed way. It contains instructions on testing systems but few details on how to protect systems.

NIST Special Publications

The Information Technology Laboratory of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) publishes a number of guides and handbooks under the Special Publications program. Some of these are quite high-level, covering areas of management, policy, and governance. But many include details that are perfect for systems administrators and operations people. The following is an overview of some of the available guides -- check the NIST Web site for the full list of currently available guides.

The great thing about the NIST documents and checklists is that they are not copyrighted. That's right; you can copy and modify these as much as you want without fear of reprisals. You can modify these checklists to suit your own requirements, for example, to develop your own checklist for new servers going into production or to define your own security auditing process. You can even adapt these guides to become your new security policy.

NIST SP800-100 Information Security Handbook: A Guide for Managers

This is a big document (178 pages) that supersedes the older SP800-12 as a general handbook on managing information security. For IT managers or systems administrators new to security this is really the best place to start, although much of the content is at a high level targeted for managers. Some of the chapters, such as those on governance and investment management will be too high level for systems administrators, but others such as the ones on incident response, contingency planning, and configuration management will be very useful. This guide includes an appendix containing a list of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs), which provides a lot of useful information.

NIST SP800-44 Guidelines on Securing Public Web Servers

If you're operating Web servers on the public Internet, then you need to read this guide. Aimed at technical and operations people, it describes the threats to public Web servers and provides detailed guidelines for securing them. The following areas are covered:

Examples and references are provided for the Apache and Microsoft IIS Web servers, and there is a comprehensive appendix with details on installing and configuring both of these. There is also an appendix containing a very useful checklist for securing Web servers.

NIST SP800-45 Guidelines on Electronic Mail Security

Version 2 of the Guidelines for Electronic Mail Security was released in February 2007. This guide covers many areas from the installation and secure operation of email servers to encryption and signing of emails and securing various email clients. The following areas are covered in detail:

As in the guide for Web servers, a checklist is provided in the Appendices for quickly checking the security of an existing or planned mail server. It doesn't have any operating system or mail software specific sections but is detailed enough to cover almost any installation.

NIST SP800-81 Secure Domain Name System (DNS) Deployment Guide

DNS is a critical component of most IT environments, and risks to DNS need to be taken very seriously and managed appropriately. This guide presents recommendations for secure deployment of DNS servers. It examines the common threats to DNS and recommends approaches to minimize them. It covers the technical details of installing the BIND DNS server on Unix systems and provides recommendations for securing the operating system.

This guide explains how to secure zone transfers with TSIG signatures and gives a very good overview of DNSSEC implementation and management. It is thoroughly recommended if you are involved with managing DNSSEC services.

NIST SP800-48 Wireless Network Security (802.11, Bluetooth, and Handheld Devices)

This guide was written in 2002, so it is a bit outdated now. However, the fundamentals of wireless technology haven't changed a lot, and this guide does a very good job of explaining the threats to wireless networks. It covers primarily IEEE 802.11 (WiFi) and Bluetooth and presents good guidelines on security controls, such as positioning access points, controlling network access, and encryption methods. Even if you're not familiar with wireless networking, this guide serves as an excellent introduction.

NIST SP800-92 Guide to Computer Security Log Management

Just about every device in the world of IT generates log messages. Some devices, such as firewalls, generate huge amounts of log data all of which needs to be managed in a secure manner.

This guide introduces the requirement to securely manage log data. It includes guides on log management infrastructure and processes such as reporting and analysis tools. It also includes details on the Unix syslog system and contains references to many tools and further guides for managing log data.

NIST and DISA Checklists

Sometimes we just don't have the spare time to read though the lengthy guides; this is when checklists come in handy. NIST has developed a program for the development of checklists for securing IT systems. The program is now owned by DISA (Defense Information Systems Agency), and it provides a large number of checklists that make the job of evaluating systems much easier and more methodological.

A number of checklists are available here, including ones covering:

Unix Security Checklist

The Unix Security Checklist comes as a zip file containing a number of documents with three major sections and five appendices. Some of the documents are very large (one is 360 pages long). The checklist is very detailed and contains checks for the Unix OS and most common applications found on Unix (such as SSH). The checks are all in .doc Word format, which makes it very easy to adapt them to your own purposes. The most important sections are Section 2 and Section 3.

Section 2, "SRR Results Report" contains a table that allows you to document the vulnerabilities discovered during the Security Readiness Review (SRR). Section 3, "System Check Procedures", covers procedures about how to perform the SRR for Unix systems. Unix systems covered by this checklist are HP-UX, AIX, Solaris, and Red Hat Linux.

Standard of Good Practice (SoGP)

Published by the Information Security Forum (ISF), the Standard of Good Practice presents comprehensive best practices for managing IT systems from a business perspective but in a practical and achievable way. It has been targeted for larger businesses, but is still applicable to the small to medium businesses as well.

The standard is broken down into six sections, which it calls "aspects":

This is a very large document (247 pages), which would be very well suited for adoption as a comprehensive security policy. Even if you're not specifically solving security problems, the SoGP would act as a good set of guidelines for IT management practices.

ISO17799

No overview of security guides and practices would be complete without a mention of ISO17799. Titled "A Code of Practice for Information Security Management", it was originally developed in 1993 by a number of companies and published as a British standard. It became an ISO standard in 2000 with a number of later editions and add-on documents following. It essentially consists of about 100 security controls within 10 major security headings. It is intended to be used as a reference document to identify the measures required to be applied to specific areas and issues. It contains 10 sections on the following subjects:

The good thing about ISO17799 is that it is a standard against which an organization can be audited, and it can be seen as a common standard for IT security management. There are also many additional documents and books available to supplement the standard.

The bad thing about ISO17799 is that it is heavily commercialized; the 115-page document costs approximately US $200 and contains information that is available elsewhere at no cost (such as the SoGP).

Conclusions

There are many security guides available, and in this article I've presented some of the best ones that you can get and use for free. The OSSTMM and NIST/DISA checklists are good guides for evaluating the security of existing systems. The NIST guides are good for defining the best practices to manage systems securely, and the SoGP and ISO17799 documents offer standards against which your enterprise can be evaluated.

Managing IT security across the enterprise can be a bewildering experience; many managers and systems administrators have problems simply deciding where to start. With the right guides and checklists, however, the job can be greatly simplified and more easily understood.

Resources

ISO17799 -- http://www.iso-17799.com/

NIST & DISA Checklists -- http://csrc.nist.gov/checklists/repository/ or http://iase.disa.mil/stigs/checklist/index.html

NIST Special Publications -- http://csrc.nist.gov/publications

Open Source Security Testing Methodology Manual (OSSTMM) -- http://www.osstmm.org

Standard of Good Practice (SoGP) -- http://www.isfsecuritystandard.com/index_ns.htm

Unix Security Checklist -- http://csrc.nist.gov/checklists/repository/1078.html

Kerry Thompson is a Security Consultant in Auckland, New Zealand with more than 20 years commercial experience in Unix systems, networking, and security. In his spare time he is a technical writer, software developer, sheep farmer, woodworker, private pilot, and father. Contact him at: kerry@crypt.gen.nz.

[Jun 4, 2006] Glenn Brunette's Security Weblog/ Enabling TCP Wrappers on Solaris 10

Tip of the Month: Enabling TCP Wrappers in Solaris 10

Before answering this question, let's first provide a little background. TCP Wrappers has been around for many, many years. It is used to restrict access to TCP services based on host name, IP address, network address, etc. For more detailed on what TCP Wrappers is and how you can use it, see tcpd(1M). TCP Wrappers was integrated into Solaris starting in Solaris 9 where both Solaris Secure Shell and inetd-based (streams, nowait) services were wrapped. Bonus points are awarded to anyone who knows why UDP services are not wrapped by default.

TCP Wrappers support in Secure Shell was always enabled since Secure Shell always called the TCP Wrapper function host_access(3) to determine if a connection attempt should proceed. If TCP Wrappers was not configured on that system, access, by default, would be granted. Otherwise, the rules as defined in the hosts.allow and hosts.deny files would apply. For more information on these files, see hosts_access(4). Note that this and all of the TCP Wrappers manual pages a stored under /usr/sfw/man in Solaris 10. To view this manual page, you can use the following command: 

$ man -M /usr/sfw/man -s 4 hosts_access

inetd-based services use TCP Wrappers in a different way. In Solaris 9, to enable TCP Wrappers for inetd-based services, you must edit the /etc/default/inetd file and set the ENABLE_TCPWRAPPERSparameter to YES. By default, TCP Wrappers was not enabled for inetd.

In Solaris 10, two new services were wrapped: sendmail and rpcbind. sendmail works in a way similar to Secure Shell. It always calls the host_access function and therefore TCP Wrappers support is always enabled. Nothing else needs to be done to enable TCP Wrappers support for that service. On the other hand, TCP Wrappers support for rpcbind must be enabled manually using the new Service Management Framework ("SMF"). Similarly, inetd was modified to use a SMF property to control whether TCP Wrappers is enabled for inetd-based services.

Let's look at how to enable TCP Wrappers for inetd and rpcbind...

To enable TCP Wrappers support for inetd-based services, you can simply use the following commands: 

# inetadm -M tcp_wrappers=true
# svcadm refresh inetd

This will enable TCP Wrappers for inetd-based (streams, nowait) services like telnet, rlogin, and ftp (for example): 

# inetadm -l telnet | grep tcp_wrappers
default  tcp_wrappers=TRUE

You can see that this setting has taken effect for inetd by running the following command: 

# svcprop -p defaults inetd
defaults/tcp_wrappers boolean true

Note that you can also use the svccfg(1M) command to enable TCP Wrappers for inetd-based services. 

# svccfg -s inetd setprop defaults/tcp_wrappers=true
# svcadm refresh inetd

Whether you use inetadm(1M) or svccfg is really a matter of preference. Note that you can also use inetadm or svccfg to enable TCP Wrappers on a per-service basis. For example, let's say that we wanted to enable TCP Wrappers for telnet but not for ftp. By default, both the global and per-service settings for TCP Wrappers are disabled: 

# inetadm -p | grep tcp_wrappers
tcp_wrappers=FALSE

# inetadm -l telnet | grep tcp_wrappers
default  tcp_wrappers=FALSE

# inetadm -l ftp | grep tcp_wrappers
default  tcp_wrappers=FALSE

To enable TCP Wrappers for telnet, use the following command: 

# inetadm -m telnet tcp_wrappers=TRUE

Let's check out settings again: 

# inetadm -p | grep tcp_wrappers
tcp_wrappers=FALSE

# inetadm -l telnet | grep tcp_wrappers
         tcp_wrappers=TRUE

# inetadm -l ftp | grep tcp_wrappers
default  tcp_wrappers=FALSE

 

As you can see, TCP Wrappers has been enabled for telnet but none of the other inetd-based services. Pretty cool, eh?

You can enable TCP Wrappers support for rpcbind by running the following command: 

# svccfg -s rpc/bind setprop config/enable_tcpwrappers=true
# svcadm refresh rpc/bind

This change can be verified by running: 

# svcprop -p config/enable_tcpwrappers rpc/bind
true

That is all that there is to it! Quick, easy and painless! As always, let me know what you think!

Take care!

 

[Mar 29, 2007] A comparison of the multilevel security policies of the Solaris OS and SELinux -- see which one works better for you.

 

Trusted Extensions at OpenSolaris.org

The Solaris Trusted Extensions project is a reimplementation of Trusted Solaris 8 based on new security features in Solaris 10. It has been renamed because it will be delivered as an optional set of extensions to Solaris. The layered functionality consists of a set of label-aware services that are derived from Trusted Solaris 8.

A partial list of such services includes:

Solaris Trusted Extensions extends Solaris security by enforcing a mandatory access control policy. Sensitivity labels are automatically applied to all sources of data (networks, filesystems, windows) and consumers of data (user and processes). Access to all data is restricted based on the relationship between the label of the data (object) and the consumer (subject).

Documentation

A whitepaper, An Architectural Overview of Solaris Trusted Extensions, is a good place to start.

The official Solaris Trusted Extensions Collection is now available on Sun's document website. This includes a developer guide for those that need to know how to write label aware services.

Getting Started

The Trusted Extensions software is now part of OpenSolaris. Although most of the code is always present in Solaris, to enable this feature, you must install additional packages from the Solaris11/ExtraValue/CoBundled/TrustedExtensions directory. Before installing the software please review the README file in that directory.

Trusted Extensions software was first integrated into Solaris Express 7/06 which was based on Nevada build 42a. There were some packaging errors in that release, so please review the workarounds described in Installation Issues for Build 42a. These problems were fixed in build 43.

Laptop Configurations

Several people have asked about configuring Trusted Extensions for laptops. The steps are described in Laptop Instructions.

Ongoing Development

Although the current multilevel desktop is based on CDE, a multilevel version of the Java Desktop will be putback to Nevada in the near future. In anticipation of this desktop migration, the current CDE Actions which are used for trusted administration need to be replaced with GNOME equivalents. This is an area where community involvement would be appreciated.

To kick-start this effort we have provided two shell scripts as prototypes of administrative tools. Both scripts use zenity(1) to provide a point and click interface. The first script, txzonemgr is a Labeled Zone Manager which manages labeled zones in a structured manner and automates many of these steps. As zones are transitioned from one state to another, only valid choices are presented. It supports the complete zone life-cycle, including configuration, installation, label assignment, starting, stopping, making snapshots, uninstalling, and deleting.

The second script, txnetmgr is a prototype of a Labeled Network Manager. It automates many network interface functions such creating logical interfaces, viewing and assigning network templates, and sharing interfaces with all zones. Both of these scripts needs to run as root in the global zone, using CDE or Java Desktop. Give them a try and provide feedback or enhancements.

[Feb 10, 2007] Solaris Trusted Extensions and Red Hat Enterprise Linux: Multilevel Security Policy Feature Summary Comparison

[Nov 10, 2006] Solaris Secure by Default Overview by Scott Rotondo

August 2006. This presentation provides an introduction to the Solaris Secure by Default project, including how it was implemented and how it can be used to deploy more secure systems.

[Nov 10, 2006] Security-related presentations from Open Solaris

  1. Basic file privileges cec2006-dtrace-sec.pdf  by  gbrunett (Glenn M. Brunette)
  2. Enhancing Security Awareness and Control with DTrace Presentation kcf-man.tar.gz by  darrenm (Darren J. Moffat)
  3. KCF draft man pages losug-security-rbac.pdf by  darrenm (Darren J. Moffat)
  4. RBAC Presentation nist-secauto-solsec-v1.4.pdf  by gbrunett (Glenn M. Brunette)
  5. There and Back Again - A Solaris Security Story nsa-rebl-solaris.pdf by gbrunett (Glenn M. Brunette)
  6. Practical Solaris 10 Security Presentation pam_app_auth.c by darrenm (Darren J. Moffat)
  7. PAM: simple application pam_netgroup.c by darrenm (Darren J. Moffat)
  8. PAM: pam netgroup/user allow/deny pam_root_console.c by  darrenm (Darren J. Moffat)
  9. PAM: root console pam_xauth_cred.c by darrenm (Darren J. Moffat)
  10. PAM: X11 xauth cred delegater privdebug.pl by gbrunett (Glenn M. Brunette)
  11. Solaris 10 Privilege Debugging Tool s10-security-dive-20061024.pdf by  gbrunett (Glenn M. Brunette)
  12. Solaris 10 Security - Technical Deep Dive Presentation sfpc-v0.4.tar.gz  by gbrunett (Glenn M. Brunette)
  13. Restricting file access in Solaris by dropping basic privileges  by  darrenm (Darren J. Moffat)  Google summit of code

[Sept 11, 2006] Sun Is First To Market With Integrated Identity Auditing And User Provisioning System

Sun Java System Identity Manager 7.0 is the first to combine user provisioning - the process of creating, updating, and deleting user access across applications and systems - with identity auditing, the process of analyzing applications and systems for identity control violations, notifying corporate compliance officers of violations, and addressing policy exceptions. By combining these capabilities, Sun enables customers to avoid managing two separate processes, bridging the gap between IT security and auditors, internal and external, responsible for compliance with regulations such as Sarbanes-Oxley. The new offering supports the Solaris 10 Operating System (OS) - the most secure OS on the planet – and extends its market leading security capabilities. This enables control of identities across the operating system, applications, data and physical locations.

"Customers need to simplify and automate compliance efforts. These enhancements to Sun's Identity Management Suite make it easier and cheaper for our customers to manage and report compliance with regulatory mandates," said Sara Gates, Vice President of Identity and Web Services at Sun. "We think innovations like this have industry watchers, such as Gartner*, naming Sun as the worldwide marketshare leader in identity management software based on total software revenue."

*Gartner Dataquest Market Share: User Provisioning, Worldwide, 2005, Nicole S. Latimer – Livingston, 10 Aug 2006. To read Gartner Group's marketshare information, visit: http://www.gartner.com

With the latest version of Java System Identity Manager, enterprises can check and confirm that identities comply with audit policy before the access is provided. Its identity auditing capabilities include automated reviews and proactive scanning to ensure consistent policy enforcement and repeatable processes. Automated reviews and identity scanning also enable early detection and notification of identity policy violations, helping to reduce their impact.

[Feb 03, 2006] http://blogs.sun.com/roller/page/artem?entry=my_little_solaris_security_cheat

« Entertainment value of ja... | Weblog 20060203 Friday February 03, 2006

My little Solaris security cheat sheet

This returned me to sanity a few times while learning about Solaris security. Like many others, I'm not a security expert and I often need a short version to fit in my head.

authorization A right assigned to users that is checked by privileged programs to determine whether users can execute restricted functionality. More in auth_attr(4).

privilege An attribute that provides fine-grained control over the actions of processes, as opposed to traditional unix all-or-nothing, super-user vs user, model. More in privileges(5).

profile A logical grouping of authorizations and commands. Profile shells, pf[ck]sh, interpret profiles to form a secure execution environment. More in prof_attr(4), exec_attr(4).

role A type of user account, with associated authorizations and profiles. Roles cannot be logged in directly - users assume roles using su(1M).

how to get CLI API
authorizations auths(1) getauthattr(3SECDB)
privileges ppriv(1) getppriv(2)
profiles profiles(1) getprofattr(3SECDB)
roles roles(1) -
 

authorizations privileges
Per-user: all user processes have same authorizations. Per-process: each process has separate privilege sets.
Static: once assigned to user, remains the same. Dynamic: privilege sets can change during process lifecycle.
A simple token. In theory can be easily added to other OSes. Integrated deep into Solaris.
Userland Userland and kernel.
Introduced in Solaris 8 1 Introduced in Solaris 10 1
 

1Was also available much earlier in Trusted Solaris.

[Feb 01, 2006] BigAdmin - Submitted Tech Tip Configuring TCP Wrappers for the Solaris Operating System

Solaris 9 SSH already has libwrap support compiled on. In S10 and later rpcbind is linked with libwrap so TCP Wrapper style controls are available for all RPC-based protocols (NIS, NFS etc)

Commentor: Casper Dik
Added: September 7, 2004
Comment:

It is rather pointless to install TCP wrappers for Solaris 9 and later as the version included in the OS is exactly the same as the one available on porcupine. That version has also been reved twice because of bugs we ran into. Solaris 9 SSH already has libwrap support compiled on. In S10 and later we also provide rpcbind linked with libwrap.

[Apr 3, 2005] Conversion of application accounts to roles is a simple, but at the same time effective hardening technique. See Security/RBAC/conversion_of_application_accounts_to_roles

[Feb 25, 2005] Automating Centralized File Integrity Checks in the Solaris 10 Operating System

by Glenn Brunette

This Sun BluePrints Cookbook describes how to centralize and automate the collection of file integrity information using the following Solaris features:

* Secure Shell
* Role-based Access Control (RBAC)
* Process Privileges
* Basic Auditing and Reporting Tool (BART)

Each of these features can be quickly and easily integrated to centralize and automate the process of collecting file fingerprints across a network of Solaris 10 systems.

Note: This article is available in PDF Format only.

[Feb 14, 2005] Peeking Under Mount Points

This Tech Tip explains how to use NFS to inspect the underlying directory structure if the reported disk usage seems inconsistent.

[Feb 14, 2005] Hardening the Solaris 9 OS and NcFTP for an FTP Bastion Host

Read about the build, configuration, and subsequent hardening of UNIX servers that constitute a secured FTP solution.

[Feb 11, 2005] Casper Dik's Weblog Solaris Privileges

So what makes Solaris Privileges different? Why didn't we copy something else like Trusted Solaris Privileges or "POSIX" capabilities?

Let's start from what we formulated as our requirements near the beginning of our project.

One of the important features of Solaris is complete binary backward compatibility; in order to offer that we needed to design the privilege subsystem in such a manner that current practices, binaries and products would continue to work. Of course, some have solved this issue by providing a system wide knob to turn: root / root + privileges / just privileges. We don't like knobs in our OS; specifically not ones which drastically alter the behaviour of a system. It makes it harder to develop software; it needs to work for all settings. Certain products may require conflicting settings, and so on. So we decided on a "per-process" knob which is largely automatic

With backward compatibility comes the onus on the software developer to develop future proof interfaces; that ruled out all other interfaces as they all have fixed bitmaps and fixed privilege/capability numbers, fixed structure sizes in the programmer visible parts of the system. Solaris Privileges have none of that. And while we could savely reuse the names of the Trusted Solaris interfaces we can not redefine interfaces even from a defunct standard. So we have interfaces which smell like Trusted Solaris but with a completely new userland representation of privileges and privilege sets. We can never have more signals; but we can have more privileges and more privilege sets!

The privileges and privilege sets in Solaris 10 are represented to userland processes and non-core kernel modules as strings; privilege sets are bitmasks of undetermined size; they can only be allocated through the C library routines. Privilege set names are also strings and not plain integer indices; this gives us even more flexibility. A Solaris binary compiled for 4 privilege sets of each 32 privileges will continue to work on a Solaris system with 5 privilege sets each of which can contain 64 privileges and with all the privileges having their internal representation renumbered.

[Feb 11, 2005] BigAdmin Feature Article- The Least Privilege Model in the Solaris ...  by Amy Rich

... Many software exploits count on this escalated privilege to gain superuser access to a machine via bugs like buffer overflows and data corruption. To combat this problem, the Solaris 10 Operating System includes a new least privilege model, which gives a specified process only a subset of the superuser powers and not full access to all privileges.

The least privilege model evolved from Sun's experiences with Trusted Solaris and the tighter security model used there. The Solaris 10 OS least privileged model conveniently enables normal users to do things like mount file systems, start daemon processes that bind to lower numbered ports, and change the ownership of files. On the other hand, it also protects the system against programs that previously ran with full root privileges because they needed limited access to things like binding to ports lower than 1024, reading from and writing to user home directories, or accessing the Ethernet device. Since setuid root binaries and daemons that run with full root privileges are rarely necessary under the least privilege model, an exploit in a program no longer means a full root compromise. Damage due to programming errors like buffer overflows can be contained to a non-root user, which has no access to critical abilities like reading or writing protected system files or halting the machine.

The Solaris 10 OS least privilege model includes nearly 50 fine-grained privileges as well as the basic privilege set.

[Jan 17, 2005] [PDF] Trend: Life expectancy increasing for unpatched  or vulnerable Linux deployments. Assessment Date: 17 December, 2004

What a junk under the disguise of a  security paper! Those honeypot heroes  put 24 unpatched boxes on the Internet and watched what will happen. Boxes has the default (but different for each box) install (to make life more interesting they were using a dozen of different version of Linux on 19 boxes ;-) plus, for a change,  a couple of Solaris 8 and a couple of Solaris 9 boxes. After waiting until some of them was "owned" the honeypot heroes wrote a paper.  The question arise, does any of honeypot heroes has any ideas about statistics ? Probably not. As for Solaris, actually it is even unclear what release of each version of Solaris they were using. This is a nice illustration of the level of deterioration of honeypot project.  I really like this idea of using unpatched internet connected boxes; to make it really enticing they should next time also make root account without password and see what happens :-) What a junk !!!

Increasing life expectancy

The past 12-24 months has seen a significant downward shift in successful random attacks against Linux-based systems. Recent data from our honeynet sensor grid reveals that the average life expectancy to compromise for an unpatched Linux system has increased from 72 hours to 3 months. This means that a unpatched Linux system with commonly used configurations (such as server builds of RedHat 9.0 or Suse 6.2 ) have an online mean life expectancy of 3 months before being successfully compromised. Meanwhile, the time to live for unpatched Win32 systems appears to continues to decrease. Such observations have been reported by various organizations, including Symantec [1], Internet Storm Center[2] and even USAToday[3]. The few Win32 honeypots we have deployed support this. However, Win32 compromises appear to be based primarily on worm activity.

T H E  D A T A

Background Our data is based on 12 honeynets deployed in eight different countries (US, India, UK, Pakistan, Greece, Portugal, Brazil and Germany). Data was collected from the calendar year of 2004, with most of the data collected in the past six months. Each honeynet deployed a variety of different Linux systems accessible from anywhere on the Internet. In addition, several Win32 based honeypots were deployed, but these were limited in number and could not be used to identify widespread trends. A total of 24 unpatched Unix honeypots were deployed, of which 19 were Linux, primarily Red Hat. These unpatched honeypots were primarily default server installations with additional services enabled (such as SSH, HTTPS, FTP, SMB, etc). In addition, on several systems insecure or easily guessed passwords were used. In most cases, host based firewalls had to be modified to allow inbound connections to these services. These systems were targets of little perceived value, often on small home or business networks. They were not registered in DNS or any search engines, so the systems were found by primarily random or automated means. Most were default Red Hat installations. Specifically one was RH 7.2, five RH 7.3, one RH 8.0, eight RH 9.0, and two Fedora Core1 deployments. In addition, there were one Suse 7.2, one Suse 6.3 Linux distributions, two Solaris Sparc 8, two Solaris Sparc 9, and one Free-BSD 4.4 system. Of these, only four Linux honeypots (three RH 7.3 and one RH 9.0) and three Solaris honeypots were compromised. Two of the Linux systems were compromised by brute password guessing and not a specific vulnerability. Keep in mind, our data sets are not based on targets of high value, or targets that are well known. Linux systems that are of high value (such as company webservers, CVS repositories or research networks) potentially have a shorter life expectancy.    

[Jan 10, 2005] Basic Steps in Forensic Analysis of Unix Systems

The science is methodical, premeditated actions to gather and analyze evidence. The technology, in the case of computers, are programs that suite particular roles in the gathering and analysis of evidence. The crime scene is the computer and the network (and other network devices) to which it is connected.

Your job, as a forensic investigator, is to do your best to comb through the sources of evidence -- disc drives, log files, boxes of removable media, whatever -- and do two things: make sure you preserve as much of this data in its original form, and to try to re-construct the events that occurred during a criminal act and produce a meaningful starting point for police and prosecutors to do their jobs.

Every incident will be different. In one case, you may simply assist in the seizure of a computer system, which is analyzed by law enforcement agencies. In another case, you may need to collect logs, file systems, and first hand reports of observed activity from dozens of systems in your organization, wade through all of this mountain of data, and reconstruct a timeline of events that yields a picture of a very large incident.

In addition, when you begin an incident investigation, you have no idea what you will find, or where. You may at first see nothing (especially if a "rootkit" is in place.) You may find a process running with open network sockets that doesn't show up on a similar system. You may find a partition showing 100% utilization, but adding things up with du only comes to 50%. You may find network saturation, originating from a single host (by way of tracing its ethernet address or packet counts on its switch port), a program eating up 100% of the CPU, but nothing in the file system with that name.

The steps taken in each of these instances may be entirely different, and a competent investigator will use experience and hunches about what to look for, and how, in order to get to the bottom of what is going on. They may not necessarily be followed 1, 2, 3. They may be way more than is necessary. They may just be the beginning of a detailed analysis that involves De-compilation of recovered programs and correlation of packet dumps from multiple networks.

Instead of being a "cookbook" that you follow, consider this a collection of techniques that a chef uses to construct a fabulous and unique gourmet meal. Once learned, you'll discover there are plenty more steps than just those listed here.

Its also important to remember that the steps in preserving and collecting evidence should be done slowly, carefully, methodically, and deliberately. The various pieces of data -- the evidence -- on the system are what will tell the story of what occurred. The first person to respond has the responsibility of ensuring that as little of this evidence as possible is damaged, thereby making it useless in contributing to a meaningful reconstruction of what occurred.

One thing is common to every investigation, and it cannot be stressed enough. Keep a regular old notebook handy and take careful notes of what you do during your investigation. These may be necessary to refresh your memory months later, to tell the same long story to a new law enforcement agent who takes over the case, or to refresh your own memory when/if it comes time to testify in court. It will also help you accurately calculate the cost of responding to the incident, avoiding the potentially exaggerated estimates that have been seen in some recent computer crime cases. Crimes deserve justice, but justice should be fair and reasonable.

As for the technology aspect, the description of basic forensic analysis steps provided here assumes Red Hat Linux on i386 (any Intel compatible motherboard) hardware. The steps are basically the same with other versions of Unix, but certain things specific to i386 systems (e.g., use of IDE controllers, limitations of the PC BIOS, etc.) will vary from other Unix workstations. Consult system administration or security manuals specific to your version of Unix.

It is helpful to set up a dedicated analysis system on which to do your analysis. An example analysis system in a forensic lab might be set up as follows:

(It can be argued that no services should be running, not even SSH, on your analysis systems. You can use netcat to pipe data into the system, encrypting it with DES or Blowfish stream cyphers for security. This is fine, provided you do not need remote access to the system.)

Another handy analysis system is a new laptop. An excellent way of taking the lab to the victim, a fast laptop with 10/100 combo ethernet card, an 18+GB hard drive, and a backpack with padded case, allows you to easily carry everything you need to obtain file system images (later written to tape for long-term storage), analyze them, display the results, crack intruder's crypt() passwords you encounter, etc.

A cross-over 10Base-T cable allows you to get by without a hub or switch, and to still use the network to communicate with the victim system on an isolated mini-network of two systems. (You will need to set up static route table entries in order for this to work.)

A Linux analysis system will work for analyzing file systems from several different operating systems that have supported file system under Linux, e.g., Sun UFS. You simply need to mount the file system with the proper type and options, e.g. (Sun UFS): 

# mount -r -t ufs -o ufstype=sun /dev/hdd2 /mnt

Another benefit to Linux are "loopback" devices, which allow you to mount a file containing an image copy (obtained with dd) into the analysis system's file system. See Appendices A and B.

[Jan 3, 2005] Linux vs Solaris security whitepaper

[Jan 3, 2005] Glenn Brunette's Security Weblog

Solaris 10 Account Lockout ("Three Strikes!")

The next item of my list of lesser known and/or publicized security enhancements to the Solaris 10 OS is account lockout. Account lockout is the ability of a system or service to administratively lock an account after that account has suffered "n" consecutive failed authentication attempts. Very often "n" is three hence the "three strikes" reference.

Recall from yesterday's entry on non-login and locked accounts that there is in fact a difference. Locked accounts are not able to access any system services whether interactively or through the use of delayed execution mechanisms such as cron(1M). So, when an account is locked out using this capability, only a system administrator is able to re-enable the account, using the passwd(1) command with the "-u" option.

Account lockout can be enabled in one of two ways. The first way will enable account lockout globally for all users. The second method will all more granular control of which users will or will not be subject to account lockout policy. Note that the account lockout capability will only apply to accounts local to the system. We will look at both in a little more detail below.

Before we look at how to enable or disable the account lockout policy, let's first take a look at how you configure the number of consecutive, failed authentication attempts that will serve as your line in the sand. Any number of consecutive, failed attempts beyond the number selected will result in the account being locked. This number is based on the RETRIES parameter in the /etc/default/login file. By default, this parameter is set to 5. You can certainly customize this parameter based on your local needs and policy. By default, the Solaris Security Toolkit will set the RETRIES parameter to 3.

[Jan 2, 2005] BigAdmin Feature Article Solaris 10 OS Feature Spotlight Predictive Self-Healing

The Solaris Service Manager

To better handle software faults, Sun has redesigned the way it starts and monitors services. Instead of the the traditional /etc/init.d startup scripts, many programs in the Solaris 10 OS have been converted to use the service management framework (smf) of the Solaris Service Manager to start, stop, modify, and monitor programs. The service manager is also used to identify software interdependencies and ensure that services are started in the correct order. Should a service, such as sendmail, suddenly die, the service manager automatically verifies that all of the requirements for the sendmail service are running and respawns the necessary programs. When a hardware fault occurs and hardware is offlined, the service manager can restart any programs under service manager control that needed to be stopped to remove the hardware from service.

Each service under the control of the service manager is controlled by an XML configuration file, called a manifest, that defines the name of the service, the type, any dependencies, and other important information. These manifests are stored in a repository and can be viewed and modified by the repository daemon, svc.configd(1M). The repository is read by the master restarter daemon, svc.startd(1M), which evaluates the dependencies and initiates the services as needed. Traditional inetd services are now part of the service manager as well. Any of the inetd services can be enabled, disabled, or restarted via the same mechanism as any other service manager-enabled program.

Debian Hardened Aims For Security

Itch scratching, and audit (Score:3, Interesting)
by RedPhoenix (124662) on Tuesday September 14, @09:15PM (#10251879) At the risk of the post sounding like a discussion at a head-lice convention, everyone has their own personal itch to scratch.

Several posts thus far, have questioned the viability of establishing yet another secure-debian project, similar to other existing projects, and have indicated that there would be a better use of available resources if everyone would just get along and work together (or at least, form under a single project). Fair enough.

However, there are a whole range of reasons why diversity and natural selection w.r.t many competing projects can provide benefits over and above a single large project - organisational inertia, effective and efficient communication, and development priority differences, for example.

'Organisational inertia' in particular, whereby the larger a organisation/project gets, the slower it can react to changing requirements, is a good reason why this effort-amalgamation can potentially be a bad thing.

Each of these projects probably has a slightly different 'itch' to 'scratch'. There's no reason why, later on down the track, that the best elements of each of these projects cannot be merged into something cohesive.

A good example is the current situation in Linux Auditing (as in C2/CAPP style auditing and event logging, not code verification) and host-based audit-related intrusion detection. Over time, we've had Snare (http://www.intersectalliance.com), SLES (http://www.suse.com), and Riks Audit Daemon (http://www.redhat.com). Each project had a slightly different focus, and each development team have come up with some great solutions to the problems of auditing / event logging.

The developers of each of these projects are now communicating and collaborating, with a view to bringing a effective audit subsystem to Linux that incorporates the best ideas from each approach.

BTW: How about auditing in this project? Here's a starting point:
http://www.gweep.net/~malk/snare_debian.shtml

Red. (Snare Developer)

Freshmeat/pam_passwdqc 0.7.5  by Solar Designer - Sunday, November 2nd 2003 16:07 PDT

About: pam_passwdqc is a simple password strength checking module for PAM-aware password changing programs, such as passwd(1). In addition to checking regular passwords, it offers support for passphrases and can provide randomly generated passwords. All features are optional and can be (re-)configured without rebuilding.

Changes: The module will now assume invocation by root only if both the UID is 0 and the PAM service name is "passwd". This should fix changing expired passwords on Solaris and HP-UX and make "enforce=users" safe. The proper English explanations of requirements for strong passwords will now be generated for a wider variety of possible settings.

Recommended Links

New

Rated:

Linux sources that might be useful (some Linux HOW-TO are not bad and are largely applicable to other Unix environments):

Etc

Good Generic Unix Security Documents and FAQs

FAQs and RFCs

Presentations

Practical Solaris 10 Security. (October 2006, Glenn Brunette).

This talk was given at the NSA Red Team/Blue Team Symposium and focuses on security controls from the viewpoint of someone attacking a Solaris 10 system.

Solaris 10 Security TOI – Deep Dive. (October 2006. Glenn Brunette).

This is a 2-3 hour technical discussion of the various security controls found in Solaris 10. This talk has been updated for Solaris 10 11/06.

Solaris Secure by Default Overview. (August 2006, Scott Rotondo). This presentation provides an introduction to the Solaris Secure by Default project, including how it was implemented and how it can be used to deploy more secure systems.

Solaris 10 Security Presentation. (June 2005, Darren Moffat)

GSoC-2006.pdf  by  darrenm (Darren J. Moffat)

Basic file privileges cec2006-dtrace-sec.pdf  by  gbrunett (Glenn M. Brunette)

Enhancing Security Awareness and Control with DTrace Presentation kcf-man.tar.gz by  darrenm (Darren J. Moffat)

KCF draft man pages losug-security-rbac.pdf by  darrenm (Darren J. Moffat)

RBAC Presentation nist-secauto-solsec-v1.4.pdf  by gbrunett (Glenn M. Brunette)

There and Back Again - A Solaris Security Story nsa-rebl-solaris.pdf by gbrunett (Glenn M. Brunette)

Practical Solaris 10 Security Presentation pam_app_auth.c by darrenm (Darren J. Moffat)

PAM: simple application pam_netgroup.c by darrenm (Darren J. Moffat)

PAM: pam netgroup/user allow/deny pam_root_console.c by  darrenm (Darren J. Moffat)

PAM: root console pam_xauth_cred.c by darrenm (Darren J. Moffat)

PAM: X11 xauth cred delegater privdebug.pl by gbrunett (Glenn M. Brunette)

Solaris 10 Privilege Debugging Tool s10-security-dive-20061024.pdf by  gbrunett (Glenn M. Brunette)

Solaris 10 Security - Technical Deep Dive Presentation sfpc-v0.4.tar.gz  by gbrunett (Glenn M. Brunette)

 

History

See also Solaris History

There and Back Again – A Solaris Security Story. (Glenn Brunette, September 2006).

This talk provides an overview of the security features introduced in various Solaris and Trusted Solaris OS releases as well as provides an overview of Sun's participation in government and industry collaboration in the area of security recommendations for the Solaris OS.

Proxy Server

Insecure Web Proxy Servers

Some insecurely-configured Web proxy servers can be exploited by a remote attacker to make arbitrary connections to unauthorized hosts. Two common abuses of a misconfigured proxy server are to use it to bypass firewall restrictions and to send spam email. A server is used to bypass a firewall by connecting to the proxy from outside the firewall and then opening a connection to a host inside the firewall. A server is used to send spam by connecting to the proxy and then having it connect to a SMTP server. It has been reported that many Web proxy servers are distributed with insecure default configurations.

Users should carefully configure Web proxy servers to prevent unauthorized connections. It has been reported that http://www.monkeys.com/security/proxies/ contains secure configuration guidelines for many Web proxy servers. We can not verify the accuracy of this information, and if there are any questions users should contact their vendors.

Solaris Fingerprint Database

Solaris Fingerprint Database Companion & Sidekick

Application Server Hardening

E-mail archives

Sun Managers Mailing List Archive

Yassp Development Mailing List Archive

See also

Etc

Stack overflow problems

A stack smashing attack is most typical for C programs. Many C programs have buffer overflow vulnerabilities, both because the C language lacks array bounds checking, and because the culture of C programmers encourages a performance oriented style that avoids error checking... Several papers contain "cook book style" descriptions of stack smashing attacks exploitation. If the attacker has access to a non-privileged account than unless the server has a hardware or software protection the only remaining work for an wanna-be attacker is to find a suitable non-patched utility and download or write an exploit. Hundreds of such exploits have been reported in recent years.